Power Conversion Technologies and Power Quality Challenges in EV Fast-Charging Stations: A Comprehensive Review

الملخص

The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has accelerated the demand for efficient, reliable, and high-power fast-charging infrastructures capable of supporting sustainable transportation systems. Fast-charging stations have become a critical component of modern EV deployment due to their ability to significantly reduce charging time while supporting public transportation, commercial fleets, and long-distance mobility applications. However, high-power charging introduces major technical challenges related to converter efficiency, harmonic distortion, thermal management, power quality, and grid integration. This paper presents a comprehensive review of techniques used in EV fast-charging stations, focusing on charging architectures, power electronic converter topologies, bidirectional vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems, wide-bandgap semiconductor technologies, and harmonic mitigation approaches. The study reviews modern AC–DC and DC–DC converter structures, including multilevel converters, active front-end rectifiers, LLC resonant converters, and dual-active-bridge converters used in high-power charging applications. In addition, the impacts of fast charging on electrical power systems are critically analyzed, including low-order harmonic distortion, supra-harmonic emissions, voltage instability, and distribution-network loading. Recent developments in silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) semiconductor devices are also discussed in terms of switching performance, thermal efficiency, and power density improvement. Furthermore, renewable-energy-assisted charging systems and bidirectional charging technologies are examined as promising solutions for future smart-grid integration. The review concludes that advanced converter technologies, harmonic mitigation methods, and intelligent grid-compatible charging infrastructures will play a major role in enabling scalable, efficient, and sustainable next-generation EV fast-charging systems.